Vitamin A (as Beta Carotene), Vitamin C (as Calcium Ascorbate & Acerola Cherry), Vitamin D3 (as Cholecalciferol; from Lichen), Calcium (as Citrate Malate & from Algae), Zinc (as Amino Acid Chelate), Collagen Teeth & Gum Health Complex: Grass-Fed Tracheal Cartilage Collagen (BSE-free), Grass-Fed Bovine Whole Bone Extract (Bone Matrix, Bone Marrow, Cartilage) (BSE-free); Oral Probiotic Blend (5 Billion CFU†): S. salivarius, L. reuteri, L. paracasei; Vitamin K2 (as Menaquinone-7). Other Ingredients: Methylcellulose Capsule, Potassium Chloride, Di-Calcium Phosphate.

Adults take 3 capsules daily with 8 ounces of water or your favorite beverage. May be taken with or without food.

CAUTION: Do not exceed recommended dose. Please use caution if you have allergies or sensitivities to any of the listed ingredients. Pregnant or nursing mothers and individuals with a known medical condition should consult a physician before using this or any dietary supplement. Use only as directed. Some people might experience slight intolerance to bovine product. If gastrointestinal discomfort (including bloating, cramps, diarrhea, or other digestive upset) or other sensitivity is experienced stop taking the product immediately. Some people are allergic to bovine (beef) or fish. If you are pregnant, nursing, or have a medical condition, please consult with your physician before use. If you have any questions about consuming this dietary supplement, consult with your health care professional before using. If you use prescription drugs or over-the-counter medications, are unaware of your current medical condition or have a pre-existing medical condition(s), consult with your health care professional before using. Discontinue use immediately if you experience any adverse symptoms or reactions while taking this product. Discontinue use 2 weeks prior to surgery. Do not use if your health status is unknown. Do not use if safety seal is damaged or missing. Keep out of reach of children and pets. Store in a cool, dry place, away from heat moisture. Use this product as a food supplement only. Do not use for weight reduction.

Calcium

Patrick L. (1999). Comparative absorption of calcium sources and calcium citrate malate for the prevention of osteoporosis. Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic, 4(2), 74–85. PMID: 10231607

Reinwald, S., Weaver, C. M., & Kester, J. J. (2008). The health benefits of calcium citrate malate: a review of the supporting science. Advances in food and nutrition research, 54, 219–346. DOI: 10.1016/S1043-4526(07)00006-X

Vannucci L, Fossi C, Quattrini S, et al. Calcium Intake in Bone Health: A Focus on Calcium-Rich Mineral Waters. Nutrients. 2018;10(12):1930. Published 2018 Dec 5. doi: 10.3390/nu10121930

O'Keefe JH, Bergman N, Carrera-Bastos P, Fontes-Villalba M, DiNicolantonio JJ, Cordain L. Nutritional strategies for skeletal and cardiovascular health: hard bones, soft arteries, rather than vice versa. Open Heart. 2016;3(1):e000325. Published 2016 Mar 22. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2015-000325

Klimuszko E, Orywal K, Sierpinska T, Sidun J, Golebiewska M. Evaluation of calcium and magnesium contents in tooth enamel without any pathological changes: in vitro preliminary study. Odontology. 2018;106(4):369-376. doi: 10.1007/s10266-018-0353-6

Asl Aminabadi N, Ghertasi Oskouei S, Pouralibaba F, Jamali Z, Pakdel F. Enamel defects of human primary dentition as virtual memory of early developmental events. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2009;3(4):110-116. doi: 10.5681/joddd.2009.028

Ekambaram, M., Mohd Said, S., & Yiu, C. (2017). A Review of Enamel Remineralisation Potential of Calcium- and Phosphate-based Remineralisation Systems. Oral health & preventive dentistry, 15(5), 415–420. DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a38779

Mangano, K. M., Walsh, S. J., Insogna, K. L., Kenny, A. M., & Kerstetter, J. E. (2011). Calcium intake in the United States from dietary and supplemental sources across adult age groups: new estimates from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 111(5), 687–695. DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.02.014

Collagen Teeth & Gum Health Complex

Abrahão, I. J., Martins, M. D., Katayama, E., Antoniazzi, J. H., Segmentilli, A., & Marques, M. M. (2006). Collagen analysis in human tooth germ papillae. Brazilian dental journal, 17(3), 208–212. DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402006000300006

Haripriya P, Ananthaneni A, Guduru VS, Horatti PK, Kiresur MA, Vara JT. Collagen during odontogenesis and in ameloblastoma: A polarizing microscopic study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2019;23(3):474. doi: 10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_204_17

Kulkarni, P. G., Kumari, M. A., Jahagirdar, A., Nandan, S., Reddy D, S. P., & Keerthi, M. (2017). Collagen and Its Role in predicting the Biological Behavior of Odontogenic Lesions. The journal of contemporary dental practice, 18(2), 137–141. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2004

Açil, Y., Mobasseri, A. E., Warnke, P. H., Terheyden, H., Wiltfang, J., & Springer, I. (2005). Detection of mature collagen in human dental enamel. Calcified tissue international, 76(2), 121–126. DOI: 10.1007/s00223-004-0122-0

Institute of Medicine (US) Board on Health Care Services. The U.S. Oral Health Workforce in the Coming Decade: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009. 2, The Connection Between Oral Health and Overall Health and Well-Being.

Phosphorus

Arnold, W. H., & Gaengler, P. (2007). Quantitative analysis of the calcium and phosphorus content of developing and permanent human teeth. Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft, 189(2), 183–190. DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2006.09.008

Foster BL, Tompkins KA, Rutherford RB, et al. Phosphate: known and potential roles during development and regeneration of teeth and supporting structures. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2008;84(4):281-314. doi: 10.1002/bdrc.20136

Lin, H. S., Lin, J. R., Hu, S. W., Kuo, H. C., & Yang, Y. H. (2014). Association of dietary calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium intake with caries status among schoolchildren. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences, 30(4), 206–212. DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2013.12.002

Zhang, L., Li, Z., & Dong, Y. (2000). Experimental study of phosphopeptide in promoting tooth remineralization. The Chinese journal of dental research : the official journal of the Scientific Section of the Chinese Stomatological Association (CSA), 3(1), 27–30. PMID: 11314337

Lee AW, Cho SS. Association between phosphorus intake and bone health in the NHANES population. Nutr J. 2015;14:28. Published 2015 Mar 21. doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0017-0

Adatorwovor, R., Roggenkamp, K., & Anderson, J. J. (2015). Intakes of Calcium and Phosphorus and Calculated Calcium-to-Phosphorus Ratios of Older Adults: NHANES 2005-2006 Data. Nutrients, 7(11), 9633–9639. DOI: 10.3390/nu7115492

Vitamin C

Gutierrez Gossweiler, A., & Martinez-Mier, E. A. (2020). Chapter 6: Vitamins and Oral Health. Monographs in oral science, 28, 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1159/000455372

Lee, J. H., Shin, M. S., Kim, E. J., Ahn, Y. B., & Kim, H. D. (2017). The association of dietary vitamin C intake with periodontitis among Korean adults: Results from KNHANES Ⅳ. PloS one, 12(5), e0177074. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177074

Van der Velden U. (2020). Vitamin C and Its Role in Periodontal Diseases - The Past and the Present: A Narrative Review. Oral health & preventive dentistry, 18(2), 115–124. DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a44306

Touyz L. Z. (1984). Vitamin C, oral scurvy and periodontal disease. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 65(21), 838–842. PMID: 6374927

Tada, A., & Miura, H. (2019). The Relationship between Vitamin C and Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(14), 2472. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142472

Dodington, D. W., Fritz, P. C., Sullivan, P. J., & Ward, W. E. (2015). Higher Intakes of Fruits and Vegetables, β-Carotene, Vitamin C, α-Tocopherol, EPA, and DHA Are Positively Associated with Periodontal Healing after Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy in Nonsmokers but Not in Smokers. The Journal of nutrition, 145(11), 2512–2519. DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.211524

Alagl, A. S., & Bhat, S. G. (2015). Ascorbic acid: new role of an age-old micronutrient in the management of periodontal disease in older adults. Geriatrics & gerontology international, 15(3), 241–254. DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12408

Iwasaki, M., Manz, M. C., Taylor, G. W., Yoshihara, A., & Miyazaki, H. (2012). Relations of serum ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol to periodontal disease. Journal of dental research, 91(2), 167–172. DOI: 10.1177/0022034511431702

Staudte, H., Sigusch, B. W., & Glockmann, E. (2005). Grapefruit consumption improves vitamin C status in periodontitis patients. British dental journal, 199(4), 213–210. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4812613

Zinc

Sejdini, M., Begzati, A., Salihu, S., Krasniqi, S., Berisha, N., & Aliu, N. (2018). The Role and Impact of Salivary Zn Levels on Dental Caries. International journal of dentistry, 2018, 8137915. DOI: 10.1155/2018/8137915

BRUDEVOLD, F., STEADMAN, L. T., SPINELLI, M. A., AMDUR, B. H., & GRON, P. (1963). A study of zinc in human teeth. Archives of oral biology, 8, 135–144. DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(63)90051-7

Klimuszko E, Orywal K, Sierpinska T, Sidun J, Golebiewska M. The evaluation of zinc and copper content in tooth enamel without any pathological changes - an in vitro study. Int J Nanomedicine. 2018;13:1257-1264. Published 2018 Mar 2. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S155228

Lynch R. J. (2011). Zinc in the mouth, its interactions with dental enamel and possible effects on caries; a review of the literature. International dental journal, 61 Suppl 3, 46–54. DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2011.00049.x

Lynch, R. J., Churchley, D., Butler, A., Kearns, S., Thomas, G. V., Badrock, T. C., Cooper, L., & Higham, S. M. (2011). Effects of zinc and fluoride on the remineralisation of artificial carious lesions under simulated plaque fluid conditions. Caries research, 45(3), 313–322. DOI: 10.1159/000324804

Fatima, T., Haji Abdul Rahim, Z. B., Lin, C. W., & Qamar, Z. (2016). Zinc: A precious trace element for oral health care?. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 66(8), 1019–1023. PMID: 27524540

Osorio, R., Toledano-Osorio, M., Osorio, E., Aguilera, F. S., Padilla-Mondéjar, S., & Toledano, M. (2018). Zinc and silica are active components to efficiently treat in vitro simulated eroded dentin. Clinical oral investigations, 22(8), 2859–2870. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2372-7

Li, Y., Shi, X., & Li, W. (2017). Zinc-Containing Hydroxyapatite Enhances Cold-Light-Activated Tooth Bleaching Treatment In Vitro. BioMed research international, 2017, 6261248. DOI: 10.1155/2017/6261248

Mohammed, N. R., Mneimne, M., Hill, R. G., Al-Jawad, M., Lynch, R. J., & Anderson, P. (2014). Physical chemical effects of zinc on in vitro enamel demineralization. Journal of dentistry, 42(9), 1096–1104. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.04.014

Atasoy, H. B., & Ulusoy, Z. I. (2012). The relationship between zinc deficiency and children's oral health. Pediatric dentistry, 34(5), 383–386. PMID: 23211913

Uwitonze AM, Ojeh N, Murererehe J, Atfi A, Razzaque MS. Zinc Adequacy Is Essential for the Maintenance of Optimal Oral Health. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):949. Published 2020 Mar 30. doi: 10.3390/nu12040949