Medicinal Ingredients (per capsule): Bos Taurus, Cattle (Kidney) 500 mg. Non-Medicinal Ingredients: Methylcellulose capsule.

Adults take 3 capsules, 2 times per day. Take 6 capsules each day in divided doses. Take with food. Take at least one hour prior to taking medication or natural health products. May be taken with or without food.

CAUTION: Keep out of the reach of children. If you suffer from kidney disorder, hypertension, Addison’s disease, hemochromatosis, diabetes, bleeding disorders or immune system disorder, consult your health care practitioner prior to use. If symptoms persist or worsen, consult a health care practitioner. Known Adverse Reactions: May cause mild gastrointestinal disturbances. Should hypersensitivity occur, discontinue use. Contra-Indications: If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, do not use. Precautions for Use: Store in a cool, dry place. Do not use if product has been opened or tampered with in any way.

Beef Kidney

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P.A. Tsuji, J.A. Canter, L.E. Rosso. Trace Minerals and Trace Elements. Benjamin Caballero, Paul M. Finglas, Fidel Toldrá. Encyclopedia of Food and Health. Academic Press. 2016. 331-338. 9780123849533. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00699-1

Sornwichate Rattanachaiwong, Pierre Singer. Diets and Diet Therapy: Trace Elements. Pasquale Ferranti, Elliot M. Berry, Jock R. Anderson. Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability. Elsevier. 2019. 143-160. 9780128126882. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.21941-0

Steven M. Lonergan, David G. Topel, Dennis N. Marple. Chapter 13 - Fresh and cured meat processing and preservation. Steven M. Lonergan, David G. Topel, Dennis N. Marple. The Science of Animal Growth and Meat Technology (Second Edition). Academic Press. 2019. 205-228. 9780128152775. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-815277-5.00013-5

Martin Kohlmeier. Chapter 11 - Minerals and Trace Elements. Martin Kohlmeier. Nutrient Metabolism (Second Edition). Academic Press. 2015. 673-807. 9780123877840. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-387784-0.00011-0

H.W. Ockerman, L. Basu. BY-PRODUCTS | Edible, for Human Consumption. Michael Dikeman, Carrick Devine. Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences (Second Edition). Academic Press. 2014. 104-111. 9780123847348. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384731-7.00031-3

Robert Heaney. Chapter 42 – Osteoporosis. Ann M. Coulston, Cheryl L. Rock, Elaine R. Monsen. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease. Academic Press. 2001. 653-684. 9780121931551. DOI: 10.1016/B978-012193155-1/50044-1

R.A. Lawrie. Chapter 5 - The conversion of muscle to meat. R.A. Lawrie. In Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science. Technology and Nutrition. Lawrie's Meat Science (Seventh Edition). Woodhead Publishing. 2006. 128-156. 9781845691592. DOI: 10.1533/9781845691615.128

Martin Kohlmeier. Chapter 8 - Amino Acids and Nitrogen Compounds. Martin Kohlmeier. Nutrient Metabolism (Second Edition). Academic Press. 2015. 265-477. 9780123877840. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-387784-0.00008-0

Selenium

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Touat-Hamici, Z., Legrain, Y., Bulteau, A. L., & Chavatte, L. (2014). Selective up-regulation of human selenoproteins in response to oxidative stress. The Journal of biological chemistry, 289(21), 14750–14761. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M114.551994

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Hariharan, S., & Dharmaraj, S. (2020). Selenium and selenoproteins: it's role in regulation of inflammation. Inflammopharmacology, 28(3), 667–695. DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00690-x

Guillin, O. M., Vindry, C., Ohlmann, T., & Chavatte, L. (2019). Selenium, Selenoproteins and Viral Infection. Nutrients, 11(9), 2101. DOI: 10.3390/nu11092101

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Vitamin B2

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Saedisomeolia, A., & Ashoori, M. (2018). Riboflavin in Human Health: A Review of Current Evidences. Advances in food and nutrition research, 83, 57–81. DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2017.11.002

Ashoori, M., & Saedisomeolia, A. (2014). Riboflavin (vitamin B₂) and oxidative stress: a review. The British journal of nutrition, 111(11), 1985–1991. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114514000178

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Rokitzki, L., Sagredos, A., Keck, E., Sauer, B., & Keul, J. (1994). Assessment of vitamin B2 status in performance athletes of various types of sports. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology, 40(1), 11–22. DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.40.11

Vitamin B6

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Bird R. P. (2018). The Emerging Role of Vitamin B6 in Inflammation and Carcinogenesis. Advances in food and nutrition research, 83, 151–194. DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2017.11.004

Rosenberg, J., Ischebeck, T., & Commichau, F. M. (2017). Vitamin B6 metabolism in microbes and approaches for fermentative production. Biotechnology advances, 35(1), 31–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.11.004

Ramos, R. J., Pras-Raves, M. L., Gerrits, J., van der Ham, M., Willemsen, M., Prinsen, H., Burgering, B., Jans, J. J., & Verhoeven-Duif, N. M. (2017). Vitamin B6 is essential for serine de novo biosynthesis. Journal of inherited metabolic disease, 40(6), 883–891. DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0061-3

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Iqbal, M. P., Ishaq, M., Kazmi, K. A., Yousuf, F. A., Mehboobali, N., Ali, S. A., Khan, A. H., & Waqar, M. A. (2005). Role of vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid on hyperhomocysteinemia in a Pakistani population of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD, 15(2), 100–108. DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2004.05.003

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Vitamin B12

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Kwok, T., Tang, C., Woo, J., Lai, W. K., Law, L. K., & Pang, C. P. (1998). Randomized trial of the effect of supplementation on the cognitive function of older people with subnormal cobalamin levels. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 13(9), 611–616. DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199809)13:9<611::aid-gps832>3.0.co;2-o

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Malouf, R., & Areosa Sastre, A. (2003). Vitamin B12 for cognition. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (3), CD004326. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004326

Malouf, R., & Grimley Evans, J. (2008). Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for the prevention and treatment of healthy elderly and demented people. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (4), CD004514. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004514.pub2

McNulty, H., Pentieva, K., Hoey, L., & Ward, M. (2008). Homocysteine, B-vitamins and CVD. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 67(2), 232–237. DOI: 10.1017/S0029665108007076

Chen, K. J., Pan, W. H., Yang, F. L., Wei, I. L., Shaw, N. S., & Lin, B. F. (2005). Association of B vitamins status and homocysteine levels in elderly Taiwanese. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 14(3), 250–255. PMID: 16169836